WETLANDS

Lands & Habitat

History & Overview

Wetlands are vital ecosystems integral to cultural preservation, ecological health, and the economy. Culturally, wetlands provide the foundation for many subsistence-based practices including hunting, gathering, fishing, trapping, building, and medicinal treatment. Ecologically, they support a diverse range of wildlife and plant species -including migratory birds, shellfish, berries, timber, waterfowl, and terrestrial mammals- and they act as biofilters by removing sediments and pollutants from fresh water. Economically, Alaska’s commercial fishing and shellfish industries harvest wetland-dependent species (Alaska is now the world’s largest distributor of sockeye salmon). Due to the intersectional importance of these ecosystems, in 1999 and 2002 CRRC conducted detailed assessments of wetland types and conditions in the region. These evaluations provided essential baseline data for understanding wetland health, including classifications of freshwater, estuarine, and marine wetlands. This foundational work informs current and future restoration priorities, and is especially relevant given the region’s history of disruption.

On March 27, 1964, a magnitude 9.2 earthquake, known as the Good Friday Earthquake, struck fifteen miles below Prince William Sound, halfway between Anchorage and Valdez. This stands as the second-most powerful earthquake ever recorded in human history, and aside from the catastrophic loss of human life, the event also caused significant environmental shifts in the region. 

In some places, the ground rose or sank over thirty feet which led to a subsequent change in the distribution of shoreline saltwater, river corridors, and vegetation.

On March 24, 1989, 11 million gallons of crude oil spilled from the oil tanker Exxon Valdez, owned by the Exxon Shipping Company. This oil spill spread thirteen hundred miles (about half the width of the United States), killing countless seabirds, marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. An estimated 40 to 45 percent of the 11 million gallons of crude oil is thought to have washed onto the intertidal systems of Prince William Sound, significantly impacting flora and fauna as well. Today, pockets of oil remain and species devastated by the spill struggle to rebound. Much of CRRC’s work is influenced by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, even decades later.

Because of the fragile yet irreplaceable nature of these lands, the CRRC Wetlands Program Plan (WPP) -led by tribes and informed by Indigenous values- seeks to align traditional practices with modern sustainability efforts to foster a harmonious relationship between communities and their natural environment. The WPP is a starting point for long-term wetland inventory, monitoring, and management across the Chugach Region. Our goal is to provide tribal members the ability to access the wealth of natural resources dependent on healthy wetlands.

Timeline

Timeline

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2025

In 2025, CRRC was awarded an EPA Wetland Program Development Grant to connect patterns of subsistence use to wetland habitat in the Port Graham and Nanwalek region on the south shores of Kachemak Bay on the Lower Kenai Peninsula. In partnership with the Alaska Center for Conservation Science (ACCS), CRRC will develop subsistence use summaries and map patterns of subsistence use in the Rock River and English Bay watersheds. Summaries will describe the typical plant (or algal) community for each wetland or deepwater habitat type and the subsistence activities these community’s support.
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2024

In 2024 CRRC completed an Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Program.

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2024

In 2024 CRRC published a report titled Improving Wetland Conservation and Management through Updated Wetland Mapping in the Chenega Region, Alaska.
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2023

In 2023, CRRC was awarded an EPA Wetland Program Development Grant to connect patterns of subsistence use to wetland habitat in the Chenega Region of Prince William Sound in Southcentral Alaska. In partnership with the Alaska Center for Conservation Science (ACCS), CRRC proposes to develop subsistence use summaries and map patterns of subsistence use in the Evans Island–Latouche Island watershed. Summaries will describe the typical plant (or algal) community for each wetland or deepwater habitat type and the subsistence activities these community’s support.
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2021

In 2021, CRRC was awarded an EPA Wetland Program Development Grant to update geospatial wetlands information covering their traditional lands. CRRC created a high-resolution map of wetlands on traditionally used lands, not currently available for this region. This project will provide the Chenega IRA Council with resources to better conduct wetland, watershed, and land management planning in the region.
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2019

In 2019, CRRC was awarded an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Wetland Program Development Grant to develop a strategic and unified approach to preserving, protecting, and managing the wetlands important to member Tribes. In this report, we seek to identify the environmental needs of wetlands in the Chugach Region through the lens of Tribal members. This project aims to provide a framework to focus future organizational efforts. This WPP will serve as the framework to address the environmental needs of wetlands within the Chugach Region, as identified by Tribal Members. This is intended to be a living document as the wetlands and watersheds of the Chugach Region are ever-evolving ecosystems with a diverse user group. However, we aim to set a precedent for the planning, thought, and care needed to understand better and maintain the wetlands that are important to the health of the people, the animals, and the land.
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2006

In 2006, Chugachmiut and CRRC contracted Mapping Solutions to conduct several GIS needs analyses for all five federally recognized CRRC member Tribes, including Chenega, Eyak, Nanwalek, Port Graham, and Tatitlek. Overall, Tribes strongly supported GIS mapping of Tribal lands throughout all five communities. While previous efforts focused on wetland mapping, Chugach Tribes also expressed a strong desire to expand wetland-related efforts to include other facets of management, such as policy, preservation, research, and restoration.
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2002

In 2002, a similar effort was made to conduct a watershed analysis and water quality evaluation for the villages of Chenega and Tatitlek, located in Prince William Sound. This study was conducted by URS, an AECOM company. The goal of this study was the same as that of those conducted in 1999.
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2001

In Chenega and Tatitlek, the watershed delineation/characterization involved developing a series of map layers in GIS using ArcView. Watershed maps were created using 1:63,360 scale U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle maps. The map layers created included watershed boundaries, streams, and soil types. Watershed boundaries and streams were mapped based on detailed aerial photo interpretation combined with information from topographic maps and field notes from a September 2001 site visit. In the Chenega and Tatitlek report, detailed aerial photo coverage was not available for the northwestern third of the Chenega watershed and thus mapping relied more heavily on topographic details, field observations, photographs, and previous studies.
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1999

In 1999, a watershed analysis and water quality evaluation for the Nanwalek and Port Graham watersheds were conducted by Dames & Moore, a consulting company for CRRC and Chugachmiut. These evaluations were performed on watersheds and steams identified as potential drinking water sources at Nanwalek and Port Graham. Stereo aerial photographs and topographic maps of the available site were reviewed to identify watershed boundaries and surface water flow patterns. Within this evaluation, a subtask included watershed delineation/characterization. This subtask included watershed boundary identification, watershed area determination, and mapping of relevant topographic features or mechanisms for surface and subsurface water movement patterns (Dames & Moore 1999). A combination of existing data, topographic maps, aerial photography, and field observations were used to create a conceptual model of hydrologic and hydrogeologic conditions. In support of this Wetland Protection Plan, the data was digitized so it could be used by constituents for landscape planning.
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1999 & 2022

In 1999 and 2002, CRRC was involved with Chugachmiut to conduct a watershed and water quality evaluation for the Native Villages of Chenega, Nanwalek, Port Graham, and Tatitlek. These studies aimed “to gather and analyze information related to watershed characteristics, soils, and water quality parameters in village watersheds to understand the naturally occurring conditions that may experience land use impacts.”

The Wetlands Program
Plan aims to:

Protect Cultural and Subsistence Practices

  • Ensure the preservation of wetlands critical for traditional harvesting and food security

Improve Environmental Health

  • Restore wetland ecosystems and address contamination through innovative remediation strategies

Promote Sustainable Economies

  • Balance ecological preservation with economic opportunities through mitigation banking and renewable energy projects

Enhance Community Resilience

  • Strengthen the capacity of Tribal communities to adapt to climate change and ensure water and energy security

Provide a Comprehensive Management Framework

  • Align wetland management with traditional lifeways while meeting the requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
      1. Monitoring and Assessment: Establish robust protocols to evaluate wetland health
      2. Regulatory Approaches: Implement strategies to meet water quality and permitting standards
      3. Water Quality Standards: Define benchmarks for pollution control and ecological goals
      4. Voluntary Restoration and Protection: Enhance and protect wetlands through collaborative efforts.

Project
Implementation

The Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Plan focuses on preserving and restoring wetlands using both traditional and modern approaches.
Iqsak - Chugach Regional Resources Commission

Where

CRRC communities are located across Southcentral Alaska, including Prince William Sound, Kachemak Bay, and Resurrection Bay. Watersheds in these areas are integral to the success of the Wetlands Program Plan.

How

Core Programmatic Elements

Environmental Monitoring

  • Establish water quality monitoring stations
  • Develop baseline data for evaluating climate, hydrology, and biodiversity

Regulatory Frameworks

Ranger Program

  • Train community-based rangers to monitor wetlands and subsistence resources
  • Integrate traditional knowledge into environmental stewardship
  • Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Program for Eyak Lake

Restoration and Protection Measures

Cultural Burning

  • Improve hydrology and biodiversity, and strengthen the functional diversity and integrity of the ecosystem

Stewardship of Botanical Subsistence Species

  • Enhance subsistence plant resources through restoration and invasive species removal

Wildlife Habitat Enhancement 

  • Create habitats like brush piles, nesting platforms, and corridors to support diverse species

Bioremediation of Contaminated Sites

  • Apply microbial, fungal, and plant-based techniques to remediate pollutants
    • Industrial Treatments: Techniques such as soil vapor extraction and bioventing for localized contaminants
    • Natural Treatments: Phytoremediation and mycoremediation to mimic natural processes

Mariculture Expansion

  • Develop kelp farming to enhance food security, carbon sequestration, and ecological restoration

Water Quality Monitoring

  • Establish monitoring stations to assess contamination impacts and water safety

Water Supply Reliability 

  • Enhance water storage and supply systems in remote communities to ensure access to potable water

Climate Adaptation and Energy Security
 

  • Micro Hydropower: Utilize natural gradients for renewable energy generation
  • Solar Panel Installation: Increase clean energy generation in open wetland areas
  • Offshore Wave Energy Farm: Harness ocean energy to support remote communities year-round.

Wetland Maps

Wetland Resources

Improving Wetland Conservation and Management through Updated Wetland Mapping in the Chenega Region, Alaska

Alaska Center for Conservation Science (ACCS) in partnership with the Chugach Regional Resources Commission (CRRC) and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) updated wetland and deepwater digital map for Alutiiq tribal lands in the western Prince William Sound region of Southcentral Alaska. 1980s-era wetland mapping was improved through segmentation analysis informed by satellite imagery, remotely-sensed data, and ground verification of habitat types. The methodology represents one of the first semi-automated mapping effort to successfully predict the wetland status of lands in Alaska at a target mapping unit (TMU) of 0.5 acres. The final data is available on the National Wetlands Inventory website. This high-resolution and accurate wetland and deepwater map will enable local land owners and managers to better evaluate the wetland functions and conserve and responsibly develop their natural resources.
Download the Chenega Supplemental Map Here

Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Plan • Chugach Regional Resources Commission

To the Wetland Resources Section – under the Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Program, please add this blurb – The Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Plan is intended to be a living document as the wetlands and watersheds of the Chugach region are ever-evolving ecosystems with a diverse user group. Simultaneously, the goal is to set a precedent for the planning, thought, and care needed to understand better and maintain the wetlands that are important to the health of the people, wildlife, and land. This Wetland Program Plan provides a framework for managing wetlands in alignment with traditional lifeways while fulfilling the Core Elements Framework outlined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Download the Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Plan Here

Alaska's Wetlands Wildlife Curriculum • The Alaska Wildlife Curriculum Teacher’s Guide

Alaska Wetlands Wildlife Curriculum is an educational resource designed to help teachers engage students in understanding the vital role that wetlands play in Alaska’s ecosystems. Developed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, it covers wetland types, ecological functions, wildlife inhabitants, and conservation challenges and opportunities. Aligned with local educational standards and inclusive of experiential learning practices, this resource equips educators with the tools needed to inspire future stewards of Alaska’s rich and diverse wetland habitats.
Download the Alaska Wetlands Wildlife Curriculum Here

Port Graham and Nanwalek Wetland Conservation Plan 1

The Port Graham and Nanwalek Wetland Conservation Plan is a community-led initiative to protect and manage wetland resources in these Alaskan watersheds. Developed with tribal councils, environmental organizations, and local input, the plan integrates traditional knowledge and scientific assessment to balance conservation with sustainable economies. It emphasizes habitat preservation, education, and policy recommendations, serving as a model for Indigenous communities seeking to safeguard their natural resources for generations to come.
Download the Port Graham Nanwalek Conservation Plan Here

Port Graham and Nanwalek Wetland Conservation Plan 2

The second part of the Port Graham and Nanwalek Wetland Conservation Plan expands upon a community-driven approach to supporting both environmental sustainability and economic health. Through member engagement, the plan identifies key concerns—including logging, tourism, and infrastructure expansion—and their potential impacts on water quality, wildlife, and cultural resources. The plan prioritizes education, technical assistance, and voluntary conservation strategies to empower local landowners with the knowledge and tools needed to protect vital wetland ecosystems while supporting community needs.
Download the Port Graham and Nanwalek Wetland Conservation Plan Here

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