WETLANDS
Lands & Habitat
History & Overview
Wetlands are vital ecosystems integral to cultural preservation, ecological health, and the economy. Culturally, wetlands provide the foundation for many subsistence-based practices including hunting, gathering, fishing, trapping, building, and medicinal treatment. Ecologically, they support a diverse range of wildlife and plant species -including migratory birds, shellfish, berries, timber, waterfowl, and terrestrial mammals- and they act as biofilters by removing sediments and pollutants from fresh water. Economically, Alaska’s commercial fishing and shellfish industries harvest wetland-dependent species (Alaska is now the world’s largest distributor of sockeye salmon). Due to the intersectional importance of these ecosystems, in 1999 and 2002 CRRC conducted detailed assessments of wetland types and conditions in the region. These evaluations provided essential baseline data for understanding wetland health, including classifications of freshwater, estuarine, and marine wetlands. This foundational work informs current and future restoration priorities, and is especially relevant given the region’s history of disruption.
On March 27, 1964, a magnitude 9.2 earthquake, known as the Good Friday Earthquake, struck fifteen miles below Prince William Sound, halfway between Anchorage and Valdez. This stands as the second-most powerful earthquake ever recorded in human history, and aside from the catastrophic loss of human life, the event also caused significant environmental shifts in the region.
In some places, the ground rose or sank over thirty feet which led to a subsequent change in the distribution of shoreline saltwater, river corridors, and vegetation.
On March 24, 1989, 11 million gallons of crude oil spilled from the oil tanker Exxon Valdez, owned by the Exxon Shipping Company. This oil spill spread thirteen hundred miles (about half the width of the United States), killing countless seabirds, marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. An estimated 40 to 45 percent of the 11 million gallons of crude oil is thought to have washed onto the intertidal systems of Prince William Sound, significantly impacting flora and fauna as well. Today, pockets of oil remain and species devastated by the spill struggle to rebound. Much of CRRC’s work is influenced by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, even decades later.
Because of the fragile yet irreplaceable nature of these lands, the CRRC Wetlands Program Plan (WPP) -led by tribes and informed by Indigenous values- seeks to align traditional practices with modern sustainability efforts to foster a harmonious relationship between communities and their natural environment. The WPP is a starting point for long-term wetland inventory, monitoring, and management across the Chugach Region. Our goal is to provide tribal members the ability to access the wealth of natural resources dependent on healthy wetlands.
Timeline
Timeline
2025
2024
In 2024 CRRC completed an Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Program.
2024
2023
2021
2019
2006
2002
2001
1999
1999 & 2022
The Wetlands Program
Plan aims to:
Protect Cultural and Subsistence Practices
- Ensure the preservation of wetlands critical for traditional harvesting and food security
Improve Environmental Health
- Restore wetland ecosystems and address contamination through innovative remediation strategies
Promote Sustainable Economies
- Balance ecological preservation with economic opportunities through mitigation banking and renewable energy projects
Enhance Community Resilience
- Strengthen the capacity of Tribal communities to adapt to climate change and ensure water and energy security
Provide a Comprehensive Management Framework
- Align wetland management with traditional lifeways while meeting the requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
-
-
- Monitoring and Assessment: Establish robust protocols to evaluate wetland health
- Regulatory Approaches: Implement strategies to meet water quality and permitting standards
- Water Quality Standards: Define benchmarks for pollution control and ecological goals
- Voluntary Restoration and Protection: Enhance and protect wetlands through collaborative efforts.
-
Project
Implementation


Where
How
Core Programmatic Elements
Environmental Monitoring
- Establish water quality monitoring stations
- Develop baseline data for evaluating climate, hydrology, and biodiversity
Regulatory Frameworks
- Train community-based rangers to monitor wetlands and subsistence resources
- Integrate traditional knowledge into environmental stewardship
- Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Program for Eyak Lake
Restoration and Protection Measures
- Improve hydrology and biodiversity, and strengthen the functional diversity and integrity of the ecosystem
Stewardship of Botanical Subsistence Species
- Enhance subsistence plant resources through restoration and invasive species removal
Wildlife Habitat Enhancement
- Create habitats like brush piles, nesting platforms, and corridors to support diverse species
Bioremediation of Contaminated Sites
- Apply microbial, fungal, and plant-based techniques to remediate pollutants
- Industrial Treatments: Techniques such as soil vapor extraction and bioventing for localized contaminants
- Natural Treatments: Phytoremediation and mycoremediation to mimic natural processes
Mariculture Expansion
- Develop kelp farming to enhance food security, carbon sequestration, and ecological restoration
Water Quality Monitoring
- Establish monitoring stations to assess contamination impacts and water safety
Water Supply Reliability
- Enhance water storage and supply systems in remote communities to ensure access to potable water
Climate Adaptation and Energy Security
- Micro Hydropower: Utilize natural gradients for renewable energy generation
- Solar Panel Installation: Increase clean energy generation in open wetland areas
- Offshore Wave Energy Farm: Harness ocean energy to support remote communities year-round.
Wetland Maps
Wetland Resources
Improving Wetland Conservation and Management through Updated Wetland Mapping in the Chenega Region, Alaska
Download the Chenega Supplemental Map Here
Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Plan • Chugach Regional Resources Commission
To the Wetland Resources Section – under the Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Program, please add this blurb – The Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Plan is intended to be a living document as the wetlands and watersheds of the Chugach region are ever-evolving ecosystems with a diverse user group. Simultaneously, the goal is to set a precedent for the planning, thought, and care needed to understand better and maintain the wetlands that are important to the health of the people, wildlife, and land. This Wetland Program Plan provides a framework for managing wetlands in alignment with traditional lifeways while fulfilling the Core Elements Framework outlined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Download the Intertribal Wetland Mapping and Development Plan Here
Alaska's Wetlands Wildlife Curriculum • The Alaska Wildlife Curriculum Teacher’s Guide
Alaska Wetlands Wildlife Curriculum is an educational resource designed to help teachers engage students in understanding the vital role that wetlands play in Alaska’s ecosystems. Developed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, it covers wetland types, ecological functions, wildlife inhabitants, and conservation challenges and opportunities. Aligned with local educational standards and inclusive of experiential learning practices, this resource equips educators with the tools needed to inspire future stewards of Alaska’s rich and diverse wetland habitats.
Download the Alaska Wetlands Wildlife Curriculum Here
Port Graham and Nanwalek Wetland Conservation Plan 1
Download the Port Graham Nanwalek Conservation Plan Here
Port Graham and Nanwalek Wetland Conservation Plan 2
Download the Port Graham and Nanwalek Wetland Conservation Plan Here
Moving Our Communities Forward Through Impactful Programs
Maps of Contaminated Sites
Many contaminated locations are impacting the region’s wetland habitats. A comprehensive mapping effort has identified 770 contaminated sites, of which 168 are active. These sites impact wetlands and water systems, underscoring the need for targeted remediation efforts Contamination from industrial activities and legacy pollutants, including hydrocarbons and heavy metals, threaten these critical ecosystems. Establishing water quality benchmarks and monitoring sites is essential to protect both the environment and community health.

